The author taking in the vista on Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake

Custer State Park and the Black Hills of South Dakota

Custer State Park and the Black Hills of South Dakota

Words and Photography by Gary Donaldson

Over two billion years ago, the landscape we know as the Black Hills began deep in the earth’s crust. A gigantic bubble of molten rock (magma), roughly the size of Connecticut, slowly cooled into granite. The granite locked in minerals like quartz, feldspar, and mica. For millions of years it lay buried under ancient seas. Then, powerful forces within the earth shoved the granite mass (a batholith) upwards like a piston, folding and cracking the top layers of land to form the dome of the Black Hills.

Over geological time (millions of years), wind, rain, and ice eroded the softer sedimentary layers away, revealing the granite and other hard minerals. Erosion continued in the folds and cracks of the granite. Eventually sculpting the landscape into what we see today in Custer State Park and the Black Hills of South Dakota.

Towering Spires

The Needles Highway in Custer State Park winds its way along towering granite spires.
The Needles Highway in Custer State Park winds its way through towering granite spires.

* Click on images below to expand (desktop & laptop).

These jointed granite columns rise like organ pipes above the Ponderosa Pines of the Black Hills. Weathering along fractures create sharp vertical walls and narrow corridors.
These jointed granite columns rise like organ pipes above the Ponderosa Pines of the Black Hills. Weathering along fractures create sharp vertical walls and narrow corridors.

A Hike to the Geological Center of the Dome

Fall Colors Line the Trail to Little Devil's Tower
Fall colors line the trail to Little Devil’s Tower. The upper section of the trail is sprinkled with mica that sparkle like tiny diamonds.
A rare photo of myself on this site. I'm standing on the summit of Little Devils Tower (6,959ft). Behind me is the highest point east of the Rocky Mountains. At 7,244ft, Black Elk Peak is literally the crown of the granite batholith—the solidified magma body that forms the core of the Black Hills uplift.
I’m standing on the summit of Little Devil’s Tower (6,959ft). Behind me is the highest point in the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains. At 7,244ft, Black Elk Peak is the crown of the granite batholith, shoved up from earth’s crust to form the core of the Black Hills uplift.
These cathedral-like spires are remnants of a Granite batholith. They're sculpted by millions of years of weathering, leaving behind the jagged skyline that defines the central Black Hills.
These cathedral-like spires are remnants of the Granite batholith. Sculpted by millions of years of weathering, leaving behind the jagged skyline that defines the central Black Hills.

Icons of the Black Hills

Mount Rushmore. The sculpture is carved directly into Precambrian granite along with veins of crystals of quartz and feldspar (seen here as lighter streaks across the forehead of Lincoln).
Mount Rushmore – The sculpture is carved directly into Precambrian granite along with veins of quartz and feldspar (seen here as lighter streaks across the forehead of Lincoln).
Mount Rushmore rises from the same 1.7 billion-year-old granite peaks in Custer State Park.
Mount Rushmore rises from the same 1.7 billion-year-old granite peaks seen throughout Custer State Park.
The rounded cliffs around iconic Sylvan Lake are domes of granite that were lifted and exfoliated bare.
The rounded cliffs at iconic Sylvan Lake are domes of granite, lifted and exfoliated bare. Sylvan Lake is the most photographed location in Custer State Park.

Picturesque Rolling Hills and Prairies in the Outer Rings of the Black Hills.

The "outer rings" of the Black Hills are eroded layers of rust-colored sandstone and shale that were deposited in a shallow inland sea.
The “outer rings” of the Black Hills display eroded layers of rust-colored sandstone and shale deposited in a shallow inland sea that once covered the entire area.
Erosion of the Black Hills continues today. Here we see the rust-colored layers of the outer ring of the Black Hills.
Erosion of the Black Hills continues.
Last light over the Black Hills — one tree, one hill, and two billion years beneath it.
One Tree Hill (nod to U2). Last light over the Black Hills.

“The first peace, which is the most important, is that which comes within the souls of people when they realize their relationship, their oneness with the universe and all its powers…” — Black Elk (Oglala Lakota) 


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One response to “Custer State Park and the Black Hills of South Dakota”

  1. […] Black Hills uplift shifted water flow to the east into soft sedimentary layers. The erosion carved buttes, towers, […]

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